We analyzed 500+ peer-reviewed studies to bring you evidence-based supplements and medications. Here are the most notable publications.
¹Ana P. Gomes et al., 'Declining NAD+ Induces a Pseudohypoxic State Disrupting Nuclear-Mitochondrial Communication during Aging', Cell, vol. 155, no. 7, 2013, pp. 1624-1638.
²Juliana Camacho-Pereira et al., 'CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism', Cell Metabolism, vol. 23, no. 6, 2016, pp. 1127-1139.
³Hassina Massudi et al., 'Age-Associated Changes in Oxidative Stress and NAD+ Metabolism in Human Tissue', PLOS One, vol. 7, no. 7, 2012, e42357.
Fei Yi et al., 'Association of Human Whole Blood NAD+ Contents With Aging', Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol. 13, 2022, article 829658.
⁵Jun Yoshino, Joseph A. Baur, and Shin-ichiro Imai, 'NAD+ Intermediates: The Biology and Therapeutic Potential of NMN and NR', Cell Metabolism, vol. 27, no. 3, 2018, pp. 513-528.
⁶Michael S. Bonkowski and David A. Sinclair, 'Slowing Ageing by Design: The Rise of NAD+ and Sirtuin-Activating Compounds', Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 17, no. 11, 2016, pp. 679-690.
⁷Anthony J. Covarrubias et al., 'Senescent Cells Promote Tissue NAD+ Decline During Ageing via the Activation of CD38+ Macrophages', Nature Metabolism, vol. 2, 2020, pp. 1265-1283.
⁸Michael R. McReynolds, Keir Chellappa, and Joseph A. Baur, 'Age-Related NAD+ Decline', Experimental Gerontology, vol. 134, 2020, article 110888.
⁹Nichola Conlon et al., 'The Use of a Systems Approach to Increase NAD+ in Human Participants', npj Aging, vol. 10, 2024, article 7.
¹⁰Christopher R. Martens et al., 'Chronic Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation Is Well-Tolerated and Elevates NAD+ in Healthy Middle-Aged and Older Adults', Nature Communications, vol. 9, 2018, article 1286.
Wang H, et al. (2024). "Efficacy of different routes of vitamin B12 supplementation." Clinical Nutrition.
² Daily RK, et al. (1995). "The effect of choline and myo-inositol on liver and carcass fat levels." Int J Sports Med.
³ NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2024). "Vitamin B12 Fact Sheet."
⁴ Sekhar RV, et al. (2011). "Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging." Clinical Science.
⁵ Allen J, Bradley RD. (2011). "Effects of oral glutathione supplementation." J Altern Complement Med.
⁶ Richie JP, et al. (2015). "Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation." Eur J Nutr.
⁷ Sinha R, et al. (2018). "Liposomal glutathione elevates immune function." Eur J Clin Nutr.
⁸ Aoi W, et al. (2015). "Glutathione suppresses exercise-induced muscle fatigue." J Int Soc Sports Nutr.
⁹ Hauser RA, et al. (2009). "Intravenous glutathione in Parkinson's disease." Movement Disorders.
¹⁰ Askarpour M, et al. (2020). "Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on weight loss." Clin Nutr ESPEN.
²Juliana Camacho-Pereira et al., 'CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism', Cell Metabolism, vol. 23, no. 6, 2016, pp. 1127-1139.
¹² Wall BT, et al. (2011). "L-carnitine increases muscle carnitine content and alters fuel metabolism." J Physiol.
¹³ DiNicolantonio JJ, et al. (2013). "L-carnitine in cardiovascular disease prevention." Mayo Clin Proc.